1. Why Do I Have Dry Skin?
2. Characteristics and Manifestations of Dry Skin
3. Skincare Routine Recommended for Dry Skin
   • 1. Specific Cleanser 
   • 2. Hydrating Serum 
   • 3. Eye Cream 
   • 4. Moisturizing Cream 
4. The Importance of Using Certain Products and Active Ingredients During Summer
5. Conclusion

Why Do I Have Dry Skin?

Dry skin is characterized by insufficient sebum production and is the result of a series of genetic inheritances and physiological responses to certain products, environments and/or environmental conditions that compromise its appearance and texture. This type of skin can appear dull, tight, and prone to flaking in one or more areas of the face, accompanied by redness and/or cracking.

Characteristics and Manifestations of Dry Skin

Dry skin is easily identifiable by a series of visible and tactile characteristics. It usually appears dull, accompanied by a noticeable feeling of dryness, especially on the cheeks, around the eyes and on the forehead. Although the pores are less visible compared to oily skin, its texture is still uneven and can commonly manifest with irritations, signs of flaking, and small cracks even in the T-zone (forehead, nose, and chin), with varying intensity around the eyebrows, nostrils, and sides of the chin.

Skincare Routine Recommended for Dry Skin

1. Specific Cleanser 

Cleansing is essential to remove oil, makeup, and impurities from the skin as the first step in any skincare routine. However, for the particular condition of dry and sensitive skin, it is important to avoid cleansers that contain alcohol, artificial fragrances, colorants, or ingredients that are too aggressive, as they can cause dryness and irritation. Opting for products that explicitly indicate they are suitable for dry or sensitive skin can help keep the skin soft, hydrated, and comfortable during daily cleansing. We recommend the following: cleansers without or with low foam content, as they are more tolerable since they do not excessively impact the skin’s natural oils; creamy cleansers (e.g., cleansing milk) to maintain the skin’s hydration and natural moisture; soap-free cleansers to not alter the skin’s natural pH barrier; if possible, choose cleansers enriched with moisturizing ingredients such as glycerin, hyaluronic acid, or vegetable oils (such as jojoba or coconut oil) that help keep the skin hydrated during cleansing.

2. Hydrating Serum 

Serums are essential for providing intense hydration and should be applied after proper cleansing. When looking for the right serum for dry and sensitive skin, consider combinations that offer complementary benefits: for example, look for a serum that contains hyaluronic acid for deep hydration and ceramides to strengthen the skin barrier and reduce moisture loss. If your skin is also sensitive, incorporate niacinamide and peptides to soothe inflammation and improve skin texture, as well as vitamin E. To maintain long-lasting hydration, also consider serums containing glycerin and plant extracts such as oats, chamomile, and aloe vera, excellent allies for intensely hydrated and plumped skin. These combinations ensure comprehensive and effective care for dry and/or sensitive skin, improving its health and overall appearance. Always ensure that your hydrating serum contains at least one of these ingredients in adequate concentration during your purchasing choices.

3. Eye Cream 

The skin around the eyes is more prone to dryness, wrinkles, and irritations compared to other parts of the face, as it is naturally thinner and more vulnerable. An effective eye cream not only helps reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, bags, and dark circles but can also help manage dryness and flaking in this particularly delicate area. It is essential to choose a product specifically formulated for this type of skin, avoiding formulations that are too lightweight or alcohol-based, which could be overly aggressive. If you suffer from dryness around the periocular area, adding a good eye cream to your routine can certainly help control any associated discomfort.

4. Moisturizing Cream 

Conclude your routine with a moisturizing cream that provides nourishment and protection to the skin. Choose a rich and nourishing cream to counteract dryness and keep the skin soft and radiant, such as those enriched with jojoba oil or shea butter. In general, moisturizing creams are formulated with ingredients like water, glycerol, and polymers, which work together to help maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and protect it from irritations. Individuals with sensitive skin can benefit from creams containing ingredients like ceramides or vitamin E, known for their ability to regenerate, protect, and revitalize the skin. Concluding your skincare routine with a suitable moisturizing cream for your condition is a fundamental step to seal the skin’s pores with the right nutrients and maintain long-lasting hydration.

The Importance of Using Certain Products and Active Ingredients During Summer

For dry skin during the summer, it is advisable to prefer products enriched with moisturizing and soothing nutrients. Some active ingredients to look for include hyaluronic acid, ideal for retaining moisture in the skin and reducing dryness, as well as glycerin; chamomile extracts to soothe and plump sensitive or flaky skin; jojoba oil, rich in vitamins and minerals; shea butter, known for its highly moisturizing and nourishing properties; vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant that helps regenerate and protect the skin from free radicals; finally, sun protection and SPF creams to avoid damage caused by UV rays and counteract skin dehydration during the hottest hours.

Conclusion

In conclusion, taking care of dry skin requires a targeted and conscious skincare routine. Paying attention to the choice of nutrients like those mentioned, especially during the summer season, can help you control discomfort associated with dryness and improve the overall health of your skin.

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1. What is Niacinamide?
2. What is Niacinamide used for?
3. Is Niacinamide good for your skin?
   • Oily and acne-prone skin
   • Sensitive skin
   • Mature skin
   • Skin with hyperpigmentation issues
4. Top 8 skincare products containing Niacinamide – 2024
5. Conclusion

What is Niacinamide?

Niacinamide is a water-soluble form of vitamin B3 that plays a crucial role in maintaining skin health. Its biological importance lies in its ability to enhance the skin barrier function and reduce inflammation, making it easily absorbed by the skin.

Found in many animal and plant-based foods, it can be assimilated through a balanced diet as well as through specific dietary supplements. Among the foods from which we can assimilate vitamin B3 are various types of meat such as chicken, turkey, beef, and pork; offal, especially beef and chicken liver, are particularly rich in it. Some fish, such as tuna, salmon, and swordfish, are excellent sources, as are eggs and dairy products, including cheese and yogurt. Important sources of niacin and niacinamide are mushrooms, especially shiitake mushrooms, spinach, cabbages, potatoes, tomatoes, whole grains, seeds, and nuts. 

What is Niacinamide used for?

Niacinamide is a versatile and effective skincare ingredient that provides numerous benefits to the skin, make it an excellent addition to any skincare routine. It is used to:

1. Improve Skin Barrier Function: niacinamide is a powerful ally for healthy skin, also functioning as a coenzyme in crucial cellular reactions. One of its most impressive properties is its ability to fortify the skin’s natural barrier by promoting the synthesis of ceramides, lipids vital for forming the epidermal lipid layer. This protective layer helps both cells retain their natural water loss, prolonging hydration, and protecting the skin from harmful external agents such as pollution and free radicals naturally produced by cells from exposure to UV rays.

2. Reduce Inflammation: it has anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and histamine, which are key drivers of inflammatory responses in the skin. By doing so, it reduces redness and irritation, making it an effective solution to integrate into skincare routine to treat conditions like acne and rosacea. Additionally, by modulating the skin’s immune response and reducing its permeability, niacinamide prevents pore blockage resulting from excessive accumulation of inflammatory cells in skin tissues and blocks the entry of harmful external agents, thereby protecting the skin from potential irritations.

3. Control Sebum Production: it directly targets sebaceous glands and keratinocytes, reducing sebum production by inhibiting lipase activity, enzymes involved in sebum synthesis. By regulating their differentiation, it influences the speed at which skin cells develop and migrate to the skin surface, a process that significantly contributes to preventing pore blockage and the formation of comedones.

4. Even Out Skin Tone: it is renowned for its capacity to uniform melanin production, the pigment responsible for skin coloration. It achieves this by regulating and/or inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, a process known as melanogenesis. By doing so, it reduces the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation on the skin, promoting a more uniform skin tone.

5. Combat Signs of Aging: niacinamide is known for its ability to stimulate collagen and elastin production, two crucial structural proteins that contribute to the elasticity, strength, and vitality of the skin. Its effects are clinically proven to minimize the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and other signs of aging, enhancing skin texture and reducing the impacts of hyperpigmentation such as roughness and superficial porosity. Additionally, it facilitates skin regeneration and renewal by minimizing damage caused by oxidative stress.

Is Niacinamide good for your skin?

Niacinamide is a versatile and well-tolerated skincare ingredient that can be safely used on most skin types. Due to its unique properties, it is particularly effective in addressing a range of common skin concerns when used consistently.

Oily and acne-prone skin

It is an excellent choice for those combating oily skin and acne. Its ability to regulate sebum production and reduce inflammation can help prevent the formation of new imperfections and keep pores clean and free from obstructions.

For this type of skin, niacinamide can be applied twice a day to help control sebum production and reduce inflammation, preferably morning and evening, thus helping to prevent acne formation.

Sensitive skin

Niacinamide’ s calming properties make it an ideal ingredient for addressing sensitive skin concerns. Its calming and anti-inflammatory abilities can help reduce irritation and redness, providing relief and comfort to skin that tends to react easily to external stimuli.

If you have sensitive skin, it is recommended to begin with a single daily application and gradually increase the frequency to twice a day.

Mature skin

Niacinamide’s ability to stimulate collagen and elastin production makes it valuable for combating signs of skin aging. When applied regularly, it can help improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines,  for a smoother, more youthful complexion.

For mature skin, niacinamide can be applied twice a day in combination with serums or devices that enhance the assimilation and production of structural proteins to maximize its anti-aging benefits.

Skin with hyperpigmentation issues

Niacinamide is also known for its power in counteracting skin discolorations. Thanks to its ability to inhibit and regulate your natural melanin production, it can help reduce the visibility of dark spots and hyperpigmentation.

In this case, niacinamide can be applied twice a day to help even out skin tone and reduce dark spots.

Top 8 skincare products containing Niacinamide – 2024

Niacinamide can be applied directly to clean, dry skin, preferably after using toner and before moisturizing. However, since individual tolerance may vary, it is advisable to start with once-daily application and gradually increase frequency, closely monitoring any adverse skin reactions. It is always recommended to consult a professional in the cosmetic or dermatological field before introducing new products into your skincare routine, as each person has individual skin characteristics and sensitivities.

With this premise, here is a list of the 8 most effective and popular niacinamide-based skincare products, with a simple overview of the benefits provided based on individual needs:

1. The Ordinary Niacinamide 10% + Zinc 1% Serum: this serum is suitable for people with oily and acne-prone skin. It is particularly effective in controlling sebum production and reducing inflammation and is recommended for year-round use, especially during periods of increased sebum production or during hot seasons to purify pores from any irritations due to natural body sweating and protect the dermis from UV rays’ action. Great for normal skin-type too.

2. CeraVe PM Facial Moisturizing Lotion: this moisturizing lotion is suitable for all skin types, especially for those looking for light and non-greasy hydration. It is recommended for daily use, especially during winter months when the skin tends to be drier and dehydrated.

3. Paula’s Choice 10% Niacinamide Booster: this concentrated niacinamide booster is ideal for those looking to improve skin texture and reduce acne. When mixed with a moisturizer and used year-round in synergy with products suitable for your skin type, it ensures excellent results.

4. Naturium Niacinamide 10% + Vitamin C Serum: enhanced with vitamin C, retinol, hyaluronic acid, niacinamide, and salicylic acid, this serum is recommended for those with hyperpigmentation issues and desire bright and visibly even skin. This product has been specially formulated for use during the colder months of the year when the skin tends to become drier and duller.

5. La Roche-Posay Effaclar Duo (+) SPF 30: a gel sunscreen formulated to effectively tackle acne and reduce imperfections. It is recommended for use during warm periods, especially for those with oily skin, prone to redness, pustules, and skin blockages; SPF 30 protection level.

6. Naturium Niacinamide Serum 12% Plus Zinc 2%: this serum is ideal for reducing the appearance of dark spots, pores, as well as fine lines and wrinkles. It combines a high concentration of niacinamide with zinc salt of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid to visually refine the complexion. Suitable for sensitive skin.

7. Dropology Zinc + Niacinamide 11%: this serum not only aims to eliminate acne and pimples, but its zinc content enriched with organic Aloe vera juice acts in a balancing way on the skin thanks to its soothing properties. Suitable for combination and sensitive skin for daily use.

8. The INKEY List Niacinamide Serum: this serum is particularly suitable for regulating the skin’s natural sebum production and improving skin texture, reducing the visibility of spots and scars.

Conclusion

In conclusion, niacinamide emerges as a valuable ally in skincare, as it addresses a wide range of skin issues. From its proven efficacy in treating inflammatory conditions and reducing acne, dark spots and signs of aging, this ingredient offers optimal solutions if used as a daily basis and combined with other formulations tailored to your needs. Whether you are struggling with skin breakouts, hyperpigmentation, or desire to alleviate signs of aging for a more even texture, introducing niacinamide-based products into your skincare routine could be the solution you’ve been searching for.

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1. Why Do I Have Oily Skin?
2. Characteristics and Manifestations of Oily Skin
   • ? Combination Skin and Oily-Related Symptoms
   • ? Non-Typical Symptoms Related to Oily Skin
3. Oily Skin’s Response to Seasonal Changes
4. Skincare Routine for Oily Skin – Essential Steps
   • ? Step 1 Cleanse
   • ? Step 2 Exfoliate
   • ? Step 3 Nourish
   • ? Step 4 Moisturize
   • ? Step 5 Protect
5. Conclusion

Why Do I Have Oily Skin?

Oily skin is the result of excessive sebum production, the natural oil of our skin, caused by hyperactivity of the sebaceous glands. Like many conditions, predisposition to oily skin can often be hereditary. Hormonal fluctuations, especially during adolescence, pregnancy, or the menstrual cycle, can increase sebum production, as can periods of heightened hormonal activity in men. A diet rich in sugars and fats can also contribute to oilier skin, including overconsumption of packaged or processed foods, dairy, processed meats, pastries, and fast food. Psychological and emotional stress, with its peaks and irregularities, should not be underestimated, as they tend to stimulate sebaceous glands to produce more sebum in response to the release of cortisol, the stress hormone. Lastly, using overly aggressive or unsuitable products can deplete the skin and worsen sebaceous gland hyperactivity as a defensive response.

Characteristics and Manifestations of Oily Skin

Oily skin is easily identifiable by a series of distinctive visible and tactile characteristics. It often presents with an excessive shine, particularly in the T-zone (forehead, nose and chin). Pores tend to be enlarged and more noticeable, giving the skin a thick, uneven texture. This skin type may also exhibit clogged pores and redness in specific areas due to the accumulation of sebum and dead skin cells, creating a favorable environment for bacterial growth and inflammation.

? Combination Skin and Oily-Related Symptoms

Combination skin features a mix of oily, dry and/or normal areas. Typically, the cheeks and areas around the eyes can be dry or normal with a matte, flaky surface and a feeling of tightness, especially after cleansing. Comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) often concentrate in the T-zone, while the rest of the face may remain relatively blemish-free or tend toward dryness and flaking. It’s also possible to experience the opposite, with dryness and flaking in the T-zone accompanied by redness and irritation, while other parts of the face show comedones and clogged pores. This skin type can fluctuate between periods of oiliness and dehydration, responding variably to climatic or environmental changes.

? Non-Typical Symptoms Related to Oily Skin

Some symptoms, while not exclusively indicative of oily skin, can suggest related concerns. For example, flaking skin may indicate a compromised skin barrier, triggering sebaceous glands to overproduce sebum as a defensive response. Persistent redness, though not typically associated with oily skin, could signal rosacea, a condition that can coexist with oily skin. Moreover, individuals may experience both oily and sensitive skin, where the equilibrium has been disrupted by adverse reactions to specific products or environmental factors.

Oily Skin’s Response to Seasonal Changes

Seasonal variations significantly affect the condition of our skin, especially for those prone to oiliness. During summer, elevated temperatures and humidity naturally cause pores to enlarge, rendering the skin more susceptible to external pollutants and prompting the sebaceous glands to increase oil production as a defensive mechanism. Conversely, during winter, fluctuating humidity levels due to cold temperatures and indoor heating can dry out the skin. This dryness stimulates compensatory oil production, resulting in skin that feels both dry and oily, occasionally leading to flakiness and sporadic breakouts.

Skincare Routine for Oily Skin – Essential Steps

? Step 1 Cleanse

Cleansing is essential in every skincare routine, as it effectively eliminates dirt, sebum and surface impurities from the skin. This step prepares the skin to better absorb subsequent treatments while keeping its pH balance intact. For oily skin, opting for a gentle cleanser is crucial to efficiently remove makeup and accumulated residue without causing pore blockages. It’s wise to steer clear of products containing coconut oil and shea butter, which are recognized for their comedogenic nature. Gels and foams are especially well-suited for oily and combination skin types due to their lightweight formulation, which effectively removes excess sebum and impurities without being overly harsh. These cleansers are ideal for tightening pores and preventing the formation of comedones and breakouts. For dry and sensitive skin, cleansing milk is highly recommended to maintain hydration and softness during cleansing. Its creamy and nourishing texture ensures impurities and makeup are removed without stripping the skin of essential moisture. Contrary to popular belief, cleansing oils are excellent for oily skin as they dissolve makeup and impurities efficiently while keeping the skin hydrated and helping balance sebum production. Lastly, micellar water, with its micelles—tiny particles that attract and trap dirt, oil, and makeup—allows for their removal without excessive rubbing, thus minimizing the risk of irritation.

Note: Although some products claim they can be used without rinsing, it is still advisable to rinse the skin with lukewarm water after application. This step helps to remove any product residues that could mix with makeup and dust particles during cleansing.

? Step 2 Exfoliate

The second step involves applying an astringent toner enriched with exfoliating ingredients such as salicylic acid (BHA) or glycolic acid (AHA). Choose salicylic acid if your skin is oily, acne-prone or tends to get red, and opt for glycolic acid if your skin is oily, combination or normal. These exfoliating agents help to improve skin texture, reduce shine and minimize the appearance of enlarged pores. They also prevent the buildup of sebum and dead skin cells that can cause acne, while reducing any redness.

Bonus

Using an exfoliant once or twice a week is essential to prevent pore blockages, stimulate cell turnover and maintain healthy and visibly purified skin. Chemical exfoliants based on BHA (salicylic acid) are particularly effective for oily skin, as they penetrate into the pores and dissolve sebum, reducing acne and improving skin texture.

? Step 3 Nourish

The third step consists of applying a serum. Serums are lightweight formulations that penetrate deeply into the skin to deliver concentrated active ingredients. For oily skin, serums containing niacinamide and/or zinc, salicylic acid, or AHA BHA exfoliants (if not already included in the toner application) are ideal. Niacinamide regulates sebum production, reduces inflammation, and improves the skin barrier, providing soothing and purifying action when combined with zinc. Salicylic acid treats skin rashes by penetrating into the pores and dissolving excess sebum, particularly beneficial if you also suffer from dryness and flaking in some areas of the face.

? Step 4 Moisturize

The fourth step is hydration. ingredients like hyaluronic acid or glycerin are ideal as they hydrate without increasing sebum production, preventing the feeling of dry skin that can lead to compensatory oil production.

? Step 5 Protect

Since the application of acids and chemical solutions on the skin’s surface increases sensitivity to sunlight, it’s essential to adopt adequate UV rays protection. This precaution promotes the proper functioning of ongoing treatments and protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV rays, a particularly important step if using exfoliating agents like BHA and AHA at night. Applying daytime sunscreen helps protect the treated skin and prevents sun damage, including aging.

Conclusion

In conclusion, establishing an effective skincare routine for oily skin requires a tailored approach that considers individual responses to environmental changes. Key steps include daily cleansing, targeted exfoliation with acids like salicylic or glycolic and the use of lightweight, hydrating serums. Regular application of sunscreen is crucial, especially when using exfoliating agents, to protect against UV damage and maintain skin health. By integrating these practices, you can manage your natural oil production and enhance your skin’s overall texture and resilience.

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Have you ever think about your skin as a “layer with which we relate to the world”? As poetic as it may sound, know that the reality is far from being so. Environmental particles like dust, smog, and allergens come into contact with our skin, especially when pores open due to sweat or heat.

In this article, we delve into three often overlooked reasons behind skin rashes and provide practical remedies.

Neglecting morning and bedtime face cleansing

Neglecting morning and bedtime face cleansing might appear like a minor oversight, but its implications on skin health are significant. Imagine our skin as the first line of defense against external elements, much like a protective shield allowing us to interact with the world. Throughout the day, various environmental pollutants, such as dust, microbes, and microscopic particles, adhere to our skin and clothing, posing potential risks. These elements are not merely superficial; they can deeply infiltrate the pores, leading to skin problems and complications. Therefore, the ritual of cleansing our face in the morning and before bedtime is not just a routine—it’s a strategic practice that helps fortify our skin’s natural barrier. By diligently washing off the residues accumulated during the day, we prevent the clogging of pores and reduce the risk of skin-related issues.

In addition to the physical cleansing, there’s a psychological element to this practice as well. Often, this daily skincare routine can act as a form of self-care, promoting mental relaxation and a sense of wellness and mindfulness, contributing to an overall healthy lifestyle.

Rarely changing sheets and pillowcases

Infrequent changes in bed linens might seem like an inconsequential habit, but its effects on skin health are more profound than commonly thought. Our beds, where we spend a significant part of our lives, harbor more than just comfort. They host a myriad of microorganisms, dust mites, and allergens that thrive in the warmth and humidity generated by our bodies as we sleep. Regularly changing sheets and pillowcases is not merely about maintaining the aesthetic appeal of our bed; it’s a strategic move in preserving skin health and overall well-being.

Many scientists accentuate the significance of changing bed linens as a critical aspect of home hygiene, since bacteria accumulated on pillowcases may easily transfer onto our faces, potentially causing skin irritations and acne – as shown by the results of studies conducted by several global institutes. It is also interesting to delve into the psychological implications of changing bed linens: clean and fresh linens offer a sense of comfort and relaxation, making sleep more inviting and enjoyable, influencing the quality of our rest and rejuvenation.

Directly storing used clothing

Storing used clothing directly back in the closet may appear harmless at first glance, yet its implications on skin health and overall hygiene are more intricate than commonly assumed. Clothes are not just items we wear; they are carriers of various elements that can impact our skin health.

Clothing, when used, acts as a sponge for various impurities and, when placed directly in the wardrobe, these particles linger and create an environment conducive to the accumulation of germs and impurities. Such collection may not only cause skin issues but may also affect other clean clothes in close proximity, contaminating them with unwanted particles.

However, there’s a simple yet effective practice that can mitigate these effects: letting used clothes air out in direct sunlight before placing them back in the closet. Sunlight is a natural disinfectant with potent antibacterial properties that help eradicate germs and bacteria present on the clothing. Furthermore, exposure to sunlight can help alleviate odors and prevent the growth of mold or mildew, common culprits for skin irritation.

There is also an interesting historical and cultural connotation here as well: in various cultures, the practice of sunning or airing clothes after washing is not merely a hygiene ritual but has been regarded as a symbolic act of purification.

Conclusions

In essence, these three often underestimated habits significantly impact skin quality. Small changes like daily face cleansing, weekly linens change, and allowing clothes to air out before storage can considerably improve skin health and positively influence our overall lifestyle.